ROMÂNIA, ȚARA CARE A AVUT PRIMA SONDĂ PETROLIERĂ ȘI RAFINĂRIE DIN LUME
Țara noastră a fost prima care a exportat benzină!
Peste 150 de ani de experienţă în domeniul extracţie de petrol şi un subsol cu peste 2.000 de ani de resurse naturale sunt cifre cu care România trebuie să se mândrească, mai ales că țara noastră a avut prima sondă petrolieră și prima rafinărie din lume și este prima țară care a exportat benzină.
Anul 1857 înregistra pentru România, la nivel mondial, trei mari premiere:
• Prima ţară din lume cu o producţie de petrol înregistrată oficial în statisticile internaţionale. (The science of petroleum, 1938)
• La Lucăceşti, Bacău s-a construit prima sondă petrolieră comercială din lume. Prima rafinărie industrială a fost construită de fraţii Mehedinţeanu la periferia Ploieştiului, (strada Buna Vestire nr.174) cu echipament comandat în Germania, de la compania Moltrecht.
• Primul oraş din lume, iluminat public cu petrol lampant, a fost Bucureştiul. Începând cu 1 aprilie 1857, oraşul avea să fie iluminat cu 1000 de lămpi.
Prima ţară din lume cu producţie de petrol înregistrată oficial
România a fost prima ţară din lume cu o producţie de petrol înregistrată oficial în statisticile internaţionale. „The science of petroleum“ certifică în 1938, faptul că România a fost prima ţară din lume cu o producţie de petrol, în anul 1857, de 275 de tone înregistrată în statisticile internaţionale. A fost urmată de SUA în 1859, de Italia în 1860, de Canada în 1862 şi de Rusia în 1863.
De la cele 275 de tone înregistrate în 1857, în 1900, România înregistrează o producţie de 250.000 de tone şi ajunge la peste 1,7 milioane de tone în 1914. Saltul imens a fost dat de funcţionarea a nu mai puţin de 104 societăţi petroliere pe teritoriul României, în 1914, printre care unele de mare anvergură, precum Steaua Română, Româno-Americana, Vega, Astra Română, Concordia, Creditul Minier.
Prima sondă petrolieră din lume, în județul Bacău
Un alt succes mondial al industriei petroliere româneşti este construcţia, în ţara noastră, a primei sonde petroliere (pompe de petrol care forau la 150 de metri), în 1840, la Lucăceşti (județul Bacău). „Găzăriile“ foloseau o metodă rudimentară de rafinare a petrolului asemănătoare cu cea folosită la obţinerea ţuicii în cazane artizanale. Interesant este că, până pe la 1860, principalii exploatatori de ţiţei fuseseră ţăranii liberi, numiţi fântânari, băieşi sau gropari, denumiri provenind direct din îndeletnicirile lor. După 1860 însă, când exploatarea „aurului negru” a început să necesite capitaluri tot mai importante, rolul ţăranilor a scăzut în favoarea proprietarilor unor bogate terenuri petrolifere, de regulă în aria judeţelor Prahova şi Dâmboviţa.
Prima rafinărie din lume, la Ploieşti
Cea dintâi rafinărie, dotată cu instalaţii moderne, la nivelul epocii, a fost construită la Ploieşti, în decembrie 1856, de către Teodor Mehedinţeanu, fapt care a dat startul distilării pe cale industrială a ţiţeiului. În baza producţiei rafinăriei, fraţii Teodor şi Marin Mehedinţeanu au avut posibilitatea să obţină prin licitaţie concesiunea pe mai mulţi ani a iluminării cu gaz lampant a Bucureştilor (1857) şi, respectiv, a Ploieştilor (1860).
Bucureşti, primul oraş din lume luminat cu petrol
Bucureştiul a fost primul oraş din lume iluminat public cu petrol lampant. Petrolul lampant produs la Ploieşti avea calităţi deosebite: era incolor şi inodor şi ardea cu o flacară luminoasă de intesitate şi formă constantă, fără fum şi fără să lase cenuşă sau compuşi răşinoşi în fitil. Celelalte oferte care propuneau drept combustibil uleiul de rapiţă sau de nucă duceau costurile la 600 de lei pe an. Oferta de 336 de lei pentru fiecare felinar elimina orice concurentă. Începând cu 1 aprilie 1857, Bucureştiul avea să fie iluminat cu 1000 de lămpi.
Ploiești, capitala industriei petroliere
După unele statistici, pe la 1870-1880 aproximativ 9/10 din industria de ţiţei se aflau în mâinile românilor, astfel că, iniţial, industria petrolului a avut predominant un caracter naţional. Exploatatorii zăcămintelor, care au realizat frumoase capitalizări din comercializarea cantităţilor extrase, se recrutau îndeosebi din rândul proprietarilor de perimetre petrolifere (familiile Mehedinţeanu, Monteoru, Stănculescu, Mateescu, Grigorescu, Câmpeanu etc).
În anul 1880, producţia de petrol a României atingea 15.900 de tone, iar statul român adoptă în 1895 o primă lege a minelor, care deschide drumul capitalurilor străine în industria petrolieră românească şi duce la apariţia celor mai importante companii petroliere româneşti.
Prima companie petrolieră de anvergură a fost Steaua Romană, înfiinţată cu capital german în 1895. În 1897, compania petrolieră construieşte la Câmpina, Prahova (zona în care Steaua Română deţinea un total de 305 hectare de câmpuri petroliere) cea mai mare şi mai modernă rafinărie din Europa. Capacitatea de rafinare a rafinăriei Steaua Română a fost la început de 1.200 de tone pe zi.
O altă companie importantă în industria petrolieră românească a fost Societatea Astra Română, constituită în 1910 (iniţial a fost o modestă fabrică de petrol de la marginea Ploieştiului, fondată în 1880). Între 1910 şi 1947, Rafinăria Astra Română a aparţinut trustului olandez Royal Dutch Shell.
Până la începutul Primului Război Mondial se mai constituie şi companiile: Româno- Americană, ulterior Petrotel, în prezent Lukoil Ploieşti (fondată în 1904 ca filială a companiei americane Standard Oil deţinută de magnatul J.D. Rockefeller), Vega (înfiinţată în 1905 la Ploieşti cu capital german), Creditul Petrolifer (1905), Concordia (1907), Societatea de Petrol Franco-Română (apare în 1905 şi este considerată cea mai mare infuzie de capital francez de pe piaţa petrolieră românească), Compania franco-română Unirea Aquila (1906).
Petrolul lampant, vândut de negustori ambulanţi
Potrivit lucrării „Petrol, politică şi cultură la Ploieşti“, un neajuns de care suferea industria de petrol la început era faptul că fiecare firmă era nevoită să se ocupe singură de toate ramurile de activitate, inclusiv de vânzarea produselor. Primele încercări de organizare datează din 1899 când se organizează primul cartel al rafinăriilor, care a durat doar un an. Abia în mai 1901, sub denumirea de „Asociaţiunea petroliştilor“ se realizează un al doilea cartel (din care făceau parte şi Vega sau Steaua Română), care a durat până în 1908, cu scopul de a asigura desfacerea lampantului în interiorul ţării. Cartelul vindea produsele în ţară fie direct la angrosişti, la poarta rafinăriei, prin depozitele Societăţii Steaua Română, din staţiile CFR sau prin negustori ambulanţi.
În mediul urban, petrolul se transporta de la depozitele angrosiştilor la particulari prin cariole sau cu braţele (precupeţi olteni), iar la ţară se făcea în mare parte de către negustori ambulanţi. În anul 1908, lampantul se vindea cu preţuri variind între 22-25 de bani litrul, în funcţie de cât de îndepărtate erau localităţile. Petrolul a revoluţionat satele, prin lumina pe care a adus-o în casele oamenilor şi prin mecanizarea muncii agricole. Mai târziu s-a adăugat combustibilul special pentru calorifere care era un produs relativ nou, prin răspândirea încălzirii centrale la construcţiile realizate în perioada 1933-1938, precum şi cocsul de petrol.
Premiere şi curiozităţi
• România a fost prima ţară din lume care a exportat benzină încă din anii 1900
• În 1904 se înfiinţează prima şcoală din lume de maiştri sondori la Câmpina. Ulterior şcoala va pregăti şi maiştri rafinori. La 1914, aceştia erau deja solicitaţi să lucreze în străinătate
• În 1934, sonda nr.1 a societăţii Creditul Minier atinge cea mai mare adâncime din ţară în zona de extracţie de la Chiţorani, Prahova (3.300m), fiind pe locul doi în lume la o distanţă de 158 metri de sonda societăţii „General Petroleum Corporation” din California, sondă cu adâncimea record de 3458 metri
• În 1938, sonda 13 a companiei Astra Română stabileşte un nou record naţional, de 3.644 de metri în zona de foraj de la Boldeşti, Prahova
• În 1937, România deţinea locul 7 în lume privind rezervele mondiale de petrol, după URSS, USA, Irak, Iran, Venezuela, Indiile Olandeze, estimându-se o rezeră de 95.000.000 tone, rezultând 5,4% din rezervele mondiale
• În Primul Război Mondial, în România au fost distruse 1677 sonde, din care 1047 productive şi o cantitate de derivate de petrol de 827.000 tone. În august 1944, rafinăriile din Ploieşti sunt bombardate de SUA în celebra operaţiune „Tidal Wave“. Misiunea s-a încheiat cu un mare eşec pentru aviaţia americană, iar pentru români s-a soldat cu „nici o reducere a producţiei de petrol înregistrată”
• Începând din 1929 şi până în 1938, toate produsele petroliere obţinute în marile rafinării româneşti Concordia (Vega), Steaua Română, Unirea (Orion şi Speranţa), Columbia, Creditul Minier (Brazi, Doiceşti), Prahova (Petrolul Bucureşti), Xenia, Dacia Română şi Petrol Block (Standard) erau solicitate la export
• Între 1944 şi 1945, cantităţile imense de petrol necesare sovieticilor în ofensiva lor din Europa au ajuns să fie furnizate de România. Totul a fost trecut în contul reparaţiilor de război pe care România trebuia să le plătească URSS-ului conform Convenţiei de Armistiţiu din 12-13 septembrie 1944. Dacă iniţial reparaţiile au fost fixate la 300 de milioane de dolari,în realitate ele au ajuns să fie aproximativ 2 miliarde de dolari
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